Was the B737 MAX-8 an accident waiting to happen?

B-737 MAX - buffeted by the MCAS issue and possible certification irregularities

IN 1959 a French passenger plane took the aviation world by storm with its sleek design and rear-mounted twin engines. Passengers flocked to enjoy the novel Caravelle jet service as airlines raced to place orders, abandoning the crash-plagued de Havilland Comet, which had spectacularly ushered in the passenger jet era in 1952.

With the BAC One-Eleven already in the air and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 inexorably grinding through its design phase, Boeing had decided by 1960 that it urgently needed a short-haul 'feeder' jet to complement its mid-range Boeing 707-120. That's when the B-737 idea sprang to life.

Send us your Feedback / Letter to the Editor

While late to the party with its initial order placed in 1965 and first flight in 1967, the single aisle B-737 has gone on to become the most successful aircraft model in history, on par with the legendary twin-prop workhorse, the Dakota DC-3, and the B-747 jumbo.

{Boeing isn't the only company allowed to self-certify its products. As many as 80 different companies are afforded the same privilege

The B-737 has racked up a phenomenal 10,000 sales – and 4,600 more in its groaning order book, prompting the company to ramp up production to 52 aircraft a month. Yet by mid-March 2019 the B737 MAX fleet had been grounded worldwide. The fast unfolding script was unusual in that industry safety bellwether the Federal Aviation Administration was the last to act as Boeing lobbied feverishly to keep its planes in the air. Finally, as countries from Canada to China grounded their fleets, President Trump stepped in to deliver the coup de grace.

The Ethiopian Airlines flight that plunged from the skies on 10 March 2019 killing all 157 on board eerily mirrored the 29 October 2018 Lion Air Java Sea crash. And it set alarm bells ringing around the world with major repercussions for the aircraft manufacturer. Confronted by a second fatal incident involving a B737 MAX 8 and riled at Boeing's suggestion that poor maintenance or pilot error may have played a crucial role, Lion Air moved to reconsider its US$22bn 200-aircraft order. Shortly after, Garuda, the Indonesian national carrier cancelled its US$4.9bn order for 49 MAX-8 jets.

Has technological wizardry got in the way of human skill and judgement? The MAX-8 is an impressive plane but, as with its predecessors on the 737 line, it had niggles as it was rushed off the assembly line to compete with the Airbus A320neo. Sporting larger repositioned engines (altering the weight balance) and a naturally high angle of attack, low-power performance stuttered with a tendency to stall at slower speeds. Boeing's fix was to install an all new MCAS (Manoeuvring Characteristics Augmentation System) designed to bring an aircraft's nose down to increase speed and augment lift in low-speed situations. During the flaps-out take-off phase as the ill-fated planes banked sharply before gaining speed the MCAS would have been triggered.

The MCAS is a major new addition to the 737. Incredibly, it was not highlighted to pilots many of whom, even after the Lion Air incident, were unaware of this feature or why it had been introduced despite a belated bulletin from Boeing. An American Airlines pilot union spokesman said Boeing 737-800 pilots trained for the new MAX-8 aircraft with just one hour on an iPad. Other US airlines ran a two or three-hour familiarisation on computers. Pilots were not required to undergo flight simulator hours.

{The MCAS is a major new addition to the 737. Incredibly, it was not sufficiently highlighted to pilots, and some in the US simply trained on iPads

In the early 1990s, two mysterious crashes in America involving a United B737-200 and a US Air B737-300 had aviation circles stumped until investigators traced it to a faulty valve that caused a rudder malfunction. Three other crashes – China Southern in 1992, a Sahara Airlines training flight in 1994, and a SilkAir flight over Indonesia in December 1997 – followed in alarmingly similar fashion. In each case the results were either inconclusive or cited pilot error or 'intent' (as in the case of SilkAir). The Singapore carrier's insurer took the matter to court in Los Angeles and Boeing eventually retracted its 'pilot suicide' claim, arriving at an out-of-court settlement.

What has emerged over the years is a pattern of obfuscation by Boeing; a consistent deflection of media discussion to pilot incompetence or poor maintenance; intense political lobbying by the aircraft manufacturer (a major player in US military contracts); and a dangerously cosy relationship with the FAA.

The Washington Post reports that in October 2017 Brazilian airline regulators checking the new B737 MAX-8 concluded they needed "over 60 operational changes" including having pilots familiarise themselves with the MCAS with additional supervised flight hours. At about this time the FAA published its MAX-8 pilot training guidelines where "it did not once mention the anti-stall system."

This egregious lapse is easier to comprehend when one looks at the manner in which the FAA manages its certification procedure. Strapped for funds and lacking manpower as its remit grew dramatically following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the agency outsourced critical tasks and vetting. This has resulted in an absurd situation where Boeing engineers perform tests on their own aircraft while other Boeing personnel certify the models 'acting as representatives' of the FAA (all the while pressured by airline management – which pays their salaries – to speed up the process).

Boeing isn't the only company allowed to self-certify its products. As many as 80 different companies are afforded the same privilege. FAA engineers expressed their disapproval of this procedure as early as in 2012. The discussion was shelved.

The MAX-8 basic fuselage has not changed from the first 737s though the cigar tube has grown longer to accommodate 210 passengers at 39.52m in length. The MAX-10 will accommodate 230. The original aircraft seated 115. The larger General Electric engines on the MAX-8 necessitated a repositioning of the mounts and an elevation of the nose wheel to provide the engine housing sufficient clearance on a low-slung plane. A toxic combination of design flaws, sloppy certification, and offering aircraft safety features as optional paid add-ons - something budget carrier accountants might easily pass on - raises questions for not just the MAX-8 but other multi-generation aircraft that have outgrown their original design parameters.

Passenger safety will require a muscular new approach to oversight and the swift dismantling of the nexus between the examiner and examinee. The regulatory framework must look at the integrity of new aircraft designs as well as seemingly innocuous cost savings on assembly lines that may have a multiplier effect on product performance. The US Justice Department's Boeing investigation is the first step in a longterm examination as fixes are sought.

On 16 December 2019, Boeing, with 400 new parked aircraft idling since the grounding, announced a temporary halt to B737 MAX production from mid January 2020. On 23 December 2019, indefatigably stumbling Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg was finally fired. By early January 2020 some undisclosed compensation packages were in place for affected airlines like American. As many as 3,000 Boeing workers will be relocated to various plants.

Then, in a seeming quiet miracle, early December 2020 Gol Linhas Aereas Inteligentes - one of Brazil’s biggest airlines and a huge Boeing client - started commercial operations of the B737-MAX with a service from Sao Paulo to Porto Alegre. The FAA switched on the green light for MAX services in the US mid-November 2020 though passsengers still appeared to baulk at the prospect of flying on this aircraft model. By mid-2021 the aircraft was flying again in most countries except for China, which was still holding out.

Clearly, manufacturer focus must be on saving lives, not cost. Planes that fall out of the skies don't sell.

Send us your Feedback / Letter to the Editor

▲ top